Peer Violence Essay Example for Free

Peer Violence EssayPeer violence/abuse is something that takes place in the universal life of some people and their families. Peer violence/abuse is when a person undergoes improper or unfair physical or communicative maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, un mediocre practices, wrongful practice or custom, offense, and crime. There are many different types of peer violence such as verbal, physical, cyber bullying, and social alienation. As you continue to read you exit better understand the stamp, consequences (in school and out of school), and examples of peer violence. youthfulness violence has played a big part of everyday life for some youth violence includes bullying, punching, slapping, verbal abuse and using weapons, towards an some other. These violent acts are a disruption to peoples lively-hoods and to the learning process. The almost serious effect that youth violence has on people is death and injury most students are victims of homicides in the schoo ls and suicides at home. Most of these deaths occur before, after, or during lunchtime. Other victims can be examples of nonfatal injuries like cuts, broken bones, bruises and even gunshot wounds. Some can even have a long-term effect on a person emotionally/mentally, a person can suffer depression, fear other people, anxiety and even post-traumatic stress which does not just effect the person but it also effects the persons immediate family and close friends.Peer violence can affect the way a child lives and their lives, they will feel shame for being a victim and wont tell anybody whats going on and could be afraid that the problem qualification escalate if they do tell a trusted adult. In recent news, in Southern Las Vegas two brothers were sentenced to jail and correctional facilities for the bullying of a modify boy who attended their school.The boys had one of their friends record the attacking of the boy and posted it on YouTube. One of the boys was sentenced to 12 months o f probation and 40 hours of community service while the other was sentenced to serve time at Spring Mountain Youth Camp with supervision until released. Consequences are one of the things many people do not prize about before they began bullying each other or began attacking one another. In most schools a punishment is 3 to 6 old age of suspension and even a court date with the victim. In Las Vegas depending on your age you can get anything from probation to 30 days in a teen correction center or a correctional center such as boys town or Spring Mountain Youth Camp.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacreMedicationhttp//www.modernmom.com/article/the-effects-of-school-violence-on-victims http//www.modernmom.com/article/the-effects-of-school-violence-on-victims

Tragedy story Essay Example for Free

Tragedy story EssayA View from the Bridge is a story that ends in tragedy. A tragedy is a disaster or misfortune, which was never supposed to happen. This butterfly ends tragically as Eddie dies because Marco killed him in self-defence. The immigration finds Marco and Rudolpho, and so the whole family sunders up. Marco may be put in prison or sent back to Italy this will dissemble him unable to provide for his family and will split it up.Eddie and Beatrice have brought up Catherine. Since the death of her p arents Eddie has been like a father to her. However as she stomachs older, his feelings for her faculty have turned into adult love. Eddie does non like the fact that Catherine is growing up and she goes out all dressed up in short skirts and high heels and gets attention from other men. It seems as though he is jealous. Catherine is a teenage girl soon to become an adult Eddie just cant accept that. At the beginning of the play on page 6, Eddie comments on the guid ance that Catherine is dressed he does not like it and overly how she walks.You are walkin wavy I dont like the looks theyre givin you in the candy storeHe says this as though he is concerned for her, like a father. He also does not extremity her to be so friendly with other men as they might get the wrong idea. These are the first signs that reveal his jealousy.On pages 9-11 Catherine has been offered a job, far away from her house, she is really happy and is proud of herself. Eddie does not want her to withdraw from and is trying to say things against her working there. He wants her to work in a nice place and also nearby.Maybe a lawyers office someplace in New York in one of them nice buildings.Catherine is quite upset as she had her heart set on that job. Eddie eventually changes his mind because of Beatrice. Eddie is controlling Catherine therefore he does not want her to move away.I support you this longThis shows that he is the breadwinner. If he has supported her for this long he will not stop now. It also means that he is the man of the house and in charge.Beatrice realises the feelings that Eddie has towards Catherine. On pages 29-31 Beatrice is telling Catherine that she needs to act grown up infront of Eddie. Beatrice is saying it because she does not want Eddie to get he wrong impression as she knows what he is like. She does not want Eddie to treat Catherine like a baby anymore, as she is old enough to make her own decisions.Eddie and Beatrices marriage is not going well at all. Eddie never listens to Beatrice whenever she tries to talk to him. She tries to talk to him on page 24 about the relationship simply he does not respond as Catherine is on his mind. Beatrice suspects that he has unnatural feelings towards Catherine. On pages 62-63 Beatrice is trying to get Eddie to calm down but he does not listen to her at all. She then tells him about the love that he has for Catherine, but he denies it.You want somethin else, Eddie you can never ha ve herAlfieri says in his speech that the play will take its bloody course. This tells the audience that something terrible will happen in the play. Alfieri also realises the feelings Eddie has towards Catherine he gives him advice not to get to close to Catherine. Alfieri knows that Eddie loves her more than he should. If Eddie loves Catherine romantically, then the relationship between them is bound to end unhappily, because of the family ties between them. Eddie is aggressive with Beatrice and Alfieri whenever they bring this up.The arrival of the cousins acts as a catalyst and all the tensions that already existed are brought to the surface. When Rudolpho and Marco first arrive at the house Eddie is being extremely kind and welcoming to them both but soon after, he is only really talk to Marco. When Rudolpho starts singing he tells him to stop. I think this is because he thinks that men should not be singing the way he does. He may also want him to stop singing because he knows that Catherine likes the way he sings and does not want Catherine to fall for him. He says it as though he does not want the immigration to catch him.Look, kid you dont want to be picked up, do ya?He also does not like it because Rudolpho is spending a lot of time with Catherine, he is jealous.

Analysing the Internal Environment Of Ryanair

Analysing the Internal Environment Of RyanairRyanair entered the airline market in 1985 and since accordingly has enjoyed winner not only in the European market but also globally as well. Ryanair revolutionised the airline industry by offering passenger the lowest fares thereby officeing itself as a dominant player by gaining a huge market and becoming an intensive competitor for conventional airlines like British Airways, Lufthansa etc. (Eleanor OHiggins,2007)StrengthsThe cost reduction strategy adopted by Ryanair can be regarded as a key factor for it success and distinguishing itself in the industry. According to (Lawton, 2002, cited in FrederikBoesk, 2005) analysis of Ryanair the company adopts a low cost model to curb their expenses e.g. it reduces catering and cleaning costs by adopting the no frills . Opting to land in secondary airports helps in paying low set down charges and cheaper parking collect to less presence of traffic. (Barrett 2004 cited in Fredrick 2005, p8 ).By providing online ticket secure and deterrent in facilities Ryanair eliminates the need for staff and travel desks thereby authoriseing the funds on selling and promotion (Eleanor OHiggins, 2007).Ryanair beats its competitors with regard to passenger service .Apart from provides cheap fares and fewer lost bags Ryanair flights are punctual (88% flights arrive on time) and the company received fewer complaints and response to 99% of the complaints within a period of 7 days. The company was also recognised as Europes greenest, cleanest airline. This explains the reason that Ryanair is the worlds favourite airline and why over 73m passenger demand to fly them. (Ryanair Annual Report 2010)Ryanair has a very strong operational capacity its currently run 1400 flights per day from 44 bases and 1100 plus low fare routes across 27 countries. It shows why customers choose Ryanair making it the gargantuanst and most successful European airline (Ryanair 2010)WeaknessesOne of the weakn ess of Ryanair is bad publicity.IN 2006 a documentary called Ryanair caught napping highlighted issues like aircraft unhygienic ways, poor staff virtuous and not conducting security procedures properly. The Guardian.co.uk (2010) cites that Ryanair plans to introduce coin operated toilets and standing area for passengers on its flight but safety officials say it will not come into frame for at least two years. With majority of customers being price sensitive the above issues taken up by Ryanair will cause concern and impact their customers buying decisions and losing them to other competitors or full service airlines.Relationship between the staff and the airline has also experienced sore notes. According to ft.com (2010) Michael OLeary plans to cut expenses by removing co-pilots since the computer does most of the flying now. This get outed in employers approaching the media and challenging the company to replace Michael OLeary by junior flight attendant to save more(prenominal ) cost. The axing of co-pilots has embossed safety concerns among travellers.Value Chain Analysis Of RyanairMichael Porters Value Chain helps in analysing the primary and supporting activities along with Ryanairs operational strategy which are responsible for creating and delivering its services. With root to the Value Chain Analysis at Appendix A conducted shows that the company is able to create robust revenues despite selling low cost fares this is attributed to Ryanair superpower to sustain its costs to a minimum level such as online and ticketless participations, flying to secondary airports, usage of only Airbus 737-800s resulting in investing less in staff training and maintenance costs. It can be clear identified that the companys main core competences is efficient cost management.Financial Analysis Of Ryanair with Aer LingusThe financial movement of Ryanair was able to induce revenues despite the financial crisis that had a severe impact on other airline carriers lead ing to closures or declaring bankruptcy. The company reported a Net Profit of Euro 318.8M for 2010 which was an increase of 280% from 2009s Euro 104.9M .With Ryanairs cost efficient ways ,increase passenger traffic and operating new routes along with competitive prices Ryanair is able to maintain its position as the Number one carrier in the world. In order to analysis the financial strength of Ryanair a comparison has been made between Aer Lingus in which Ryanair owns 26.2% lucks.Financial Analysis Ryanair Vs Aer LingusKey Performance Indicators1) Return On Capital Employedryanair-logoaer lingusWith growth of net profitability of Ryanair dropping from 16.2% to -6.1% from 2008-09 as a result of high kindle prices which affected 45% operating profit and due to collapse of Aer Lingus shares that written down Ryanair investment to Euro 79.7M in 2009.This resulted in Ryanair ROCE dropping from 11.3% to 1.9%. In 2010 ROCE rose to 6.7% with increasing operations however with the termin ation of Ryanairs contract with Boeing the capital expenditure is likely to decrease in further since Ryanair plans not to invest in aircraft for the next 3 years. Ryanair also has strong capital employed ranging from Euro 4770.6M to Euro 6013.8M indication the companys high level of operations. The net profitability of Air Lingus reduced from 9.7% to -12.9% for 2007-2009.Air Lingus experienced operating loss of Euro93M due to cancellation in flights, restricting costs etc. Capital employed by the company ranges from Euro 1364M to Euro 1272 indicating small operations to Ryanair.2) Current Ratioaer lingusryanair-logoRyanair is more liquid is comparison to Aer Lingus thus enabling the company to fund capital expenditure as well as pay shareholders with the strong cash cling Ryanair generates from revenues and companys operations. The companys current assets are more than current liabilities thereby proving Ryanair has strong financial strength.3) Interest Coverageryanair-logoaer lin gusRyanair interest coverage is sufficient since the company is able to generate revenue to satisfy interest expense .In 2009 due to Air Lingus share drop ( Ryanair having 29.8% share )revenues was affected greatly to a huge extend thereby effecting its ability to pay its debtors in 2009.Aer Lingus performance over the past years suffered losses which resulted in the company having insufficient funds for their interest expense.Primary Activitiesinward logisticsRyanair has a contract agreement since 1998 with Boeing which provides large aircrafts such as the Boeing 737-800s and have a seating capacity of 189 passengers and is able to fly for longer hours without refuelling and is equipped with the in style(p) aviation technology. The new aircraft is complaisant with the 2002 EU regulation Chapter 3 noise reduction requirements. But in 2009 news.bbc.co.uk (2009) reported that Ryanair ended its contracted with Boeing over the purchase of 200 aircrafts .The company plans to increase it s cash flow by not investing into aircraft purchases and use its existing aircraft till 2015.Inorder to escape from the high fuel prices Ryanair has entered into fuel hedging to escape the rising fuel charges. By doing so Ryanair is able not to impose these charges onto the passengers travel fares.Operations ServicesRyanair operates on a large scale with flying to 1,100 routes and operating 1,300 flights per day. With such heavy operations and its low fare policy Ryanair is able to make profit and dominate the market .This is due to Ryanair being able to lower its operation cost and adopting the no frills policy. Ryanair uses only Boeing 737-800s aircrafts thereby reducing the cost for training, maintenance, purchase and storage of spare parts. With mesh booking facility and online check in the company eliminates the need for staff and systems to a great extend.Outbound LogisticsChoosing secondary airports not only is Ryanair able to reduce landing charges and escape heavy traffic from primary airports which has enable it to achieve faster turnover time, fewer terminal delays and lower handling cost.Marketing And SalesRyanair marketing strategy is used to promote its low cost and competitive prices to its customer. Newspapers, internet and press conferences are the marketing mediums used by the company. The companys website accounts for a huge share in the firms profit. Michael O Leary Ryanairs chief executive unusual public antics such as dressing up as the Pope or St Patrick and outspokenness has helped in promoting the image of Ryanair to the public.Support ActivitiesProcurementAs mentioned earlier Ryanair contract with Boeing has enabled the company to reduce its costs due to purchase and usage of only Boeing 737-800s aircrafts.Technology DevelopmentsRyanair utilizes the internet extensively by launching its internet reservation system for customer to purchase and check in online. The Ryanair website accounts for 99% of the companys annual sales.Human Re source steeringWith all the cost reduction strategies adopted by Ryanair the presence of crew and staff is limited and as a result company can invest less on the training and management of its staff.InfrastructureRyanair has its corporate headquarters based in the republic of Ireland.

Introduction Of Smartphones To Business Management Essay

Introduction Of Smartphones To Business Management Essay3.1 IntroductionThis chapter discuss about factors that influences the business environment utilize by blighter model. Then too discuss industry concept of competition, competitor analysis, such as strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.3.2 Introduction of SmartphoneIn 1973, Motorola introduced a first cellular telephone, and then no one had imagined that this would ignite a whole new technological change The Mobile Revolution. Typical cell phones were used only for representative calling and later for text messaging, only with growth in officious phone adoption, cell phones argon now available with a number of diametrical swashs like e-mail, video and audio facilities, internet access, etc. Thus, a whole new change in this mobile sector happened and the smartphone race began. This race in like manner created competition between operators and handset manufacturers in giveting overmuch returns from mobile phon e equipment and services. The rise in the smartphone segment accompanies the mobile internet revolution. However, the main reasons are better margins for Original Equipment Manufactures (OEMs) and higher Average r chargeue per user (ARPU) for operators. The smartphone is essentially a combination of operating system, industriousness, and handset manufacturers. In addition, due to the increase in the application market of the smartphone and the growing popularity of OS used for mobile systems, it can be said that the near future will witness the most powerfull application running on phones with high powered operating systems.Considering current growth in the smartphone sector, it is estimated to grow by at least 18-20% by 2011 according to iSuppli. quest table shows gross revenue of smartphones during year 2008 and 2009.Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users in 2009 (Thousands of Units)Company2009 SalesMarket Share (%)2008 SalesMarket Share (%)Nokia440,881.636.4472,314.938.9Samsu ng235,772.019.5199,324.316.3LG122,055.310.1102.789.18.4Motorola58,475.24.8106.522.48.7Sony Ericsson54,873.44.593,106.17.6 separate299,179.224.7248,196.120.3Total1,211,236.6100.01222,252.9100.0Table 1 World Smartphone Sales3.2.1 Overview of Different Smartphone Operating SystemsBefore moving to mechanical man and iPhone, it is necessary to understand3.3 PEST AnalysisPEST analysis is stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic managementPolitical impactWhether the dispersion of Smartphone will contribute to info control and national unity, or strengthen information flow and centrifugal forces are question. However, it may enhance individual rights of policy-making involvement by spreading political information and critiques easier and faster than before. As a result, traditional presidential term control of information traffic maybe weakened.Ca lgary (1994) mentioned that, by using the increasing scotch interests of the foreign business in China and Hong Kong, the Chinese government could take advantage of the lobby power of the foreign tele communication theory multinationals touch on in the diffusion of mobile communications in China as a political card to force foreign governments to beget amicable policies toward China. The authorization of allowing AT T to sell its used mobile communications system in part of China and Chinas good relation with Motorola are two examples of an confirming political impact from the diffusion.Economic impactThe diffusion of Smartphone communications can help China and Hong Kong economic cultivation. Wireless communications devices can provide stratagem to commercial mobility and prompt access to business information in the current social wave of doing business first in China and Hong Kong. Business becomes more(prenominal) mobile than ever in an information age, but chinas stil l poor fit out telecommunications network cannot meet the demand for mobile communications which keep the information sharing and exchange fast to avoid the long clip economic bottleneck Chinas limited wired networks and transportation capabilities. There the Chinese people, believing time is money, turn their eyes to pagers and cellular phones as a very useful business tool to make money. As a result, the diffusion of mobile communications adds a new push to Chinas increasing economic activities.China is a unique, large market where a low per capita income combines with consumers desire for advanced communications products. Smartphone in China suck up created a profitable business in China in the past few years. Benefited by the present demand exceeding supply, sales and operations of pagers and cellular phones can get capital back very fast.Also according to the Western telecommunication professionals, the economics of radiocommunication technology as an alternative to wired services looks even more appealing. Due to difficult terrain, long local loops and the constant need for repairs, the cost of adding a new wired subscriber in China averages around $2k and is often more. But wireless technology cuts this by half.The demand for Smartphone has made the multinationals such as Microsoft, Apple and Android increase their sales and investment in China and Hong Kong. Thus China and Hong Kong can improve its inadequate communication system which has been one of the bottlenecks of its economic development by having the aid of these foreign resources. Also with more foreign players competing in Chinas market for mobile communications, China will be in a favorable position to make better business deals by the way of using one against another. However, the increasing market demand for imported finished products also drains more scarce foreign exchanges out of Chinas reserves. In turn the foreign drain may hurt Chinas economic expansion in other areas such as en ergy and transportation.Social impactThe diffusion will change the way the Chinese communicate and work. With more Smartphone devices used, the social contacts will increase so much that more social activities will be arranged easily and on time. These objects also provide a convenient channel for the personal dialogue among family members and friends who have been able to get together often like before because of busier individual time schedules and scattered living spaces. Also with more Smartphone adopters, social concerns about health safety, privacy, and intrusiveness will become salient gradually, though some of them are ignored by the Chinese at present time because of the Chinese basically positive attitude toward technological innovations and the relatively small portion of Smartphone users among the Chinese.At the same time, the diffusion, along with other socioeconomic factors, has widened the socioeconomic gap between the ahead of time Chinese adopters and the late ado pters or have-nots. Smartphone with their unreasonably high cost add a new symbol into the upstart culture which is usually regarded as a negative social phenomenon in Chinas media and a disgusting social habit in most Chinese eyes. A cultural conflict between the haves and the have-nots occurs. The haves penury to show their mobile phones in certain public occasions to let others know their social images they are bus, they are dealing business, they have money, they have more social connections, so they are important. Most users also think the negative social comments on them are form the have-nots jealous psychology the have-nots hate to jaw the impudence because they know most of the self-funded Chinese cellular users are dubious people with less education background and less social taste, some of them even are former criminals. Sun (1992) mentioned that, the have-lots also believe many of the users can afford a Smartphone because their money is made not through productive acti vities but through trade, speculation, or gambling on the stock market. The show-off manner of wealth has been accepted by many Chinese interviewees as an eye- attending feature in the Chinese culture though it is never seen as a good behavior. They think, however, that when more Chinese can afford the price lowering Smartphone and accessing mobile communications, the social cultural conflict will be resolved automatically because the present symbol of social status will be worth null when more people have Smartphone. This judgment is reasonable, but its prerequisite depends on the diffusion rate of Smartphone in China and Hong Kong.In addition, the diffusion of mobile communications may increase governments social control resource by equipping the police with various wireless devices to locate possible protesters, as one of the government preventive measures showed during the incident anniversaries these years.Technology impactThe diffusion of Smartphone help more Chinese become a ware of the technical advances of the wireless innovations. In general, the peoples think vivid science and technology are value-free and the continuing technological improvements and adaptations are positive to national development. They see the winners in todays world as determined by economic strengths and technological advantages, rather than ideology and military. So more people usually take a welcome attitude to new technology and like to get more fellowship about the innovations, unless they cannot afford or understand these new technologies.As for the Chinese communication professionals, the diffusion of mobile communications can make them learn more about equipment design, production, and standards either from imported products or from various technology transfer means such as joint venture and cooperative development. Because of their high-education and tech-management background, they have more ability, as change agents, to persuade the decision makers and common Chines e to adopt or reject certain technologies.The diffusion has helped its communications systems to catch up with the mobile communications technological trend in the world. The Chinese accepted the fact of their backwardness in most high-tech fields, but the professionals also know the leapfrogging advantage in a later adopter, having more technological choices after comparative evaluations, saving time and capital. The quick adoption to program controlled switches and visual fibers has provided a successful experience to the improvement of wired networks. So the improvement wireless communication technologies also gives more alternatives among the updated and appropriate innovations to leapfrog its mobile communications system.On the other hand, the diffusion also increases the technology dependence of foreign wireless innovators. Although can take advantage of leapfrogging by importing, it will never flummox the most advanced technology and the key techniques. But the diffusion wi ll stimulate market demands for newer mobile innovations, thus technologically rely on the wireless pioneers from the developed countries for quite a long time, regardless of how strong its national pride is.In short, the diffusion of mobile communications, on one hand, does raise the Chineses knowledge level and enhance Chins communication capability. On the other hand, it also reinforces the technology determinism in the Chinese minds and its technology dependence on the developed countries.

Child Labour in Pakistan

Child Labour in PakistanWHEN I began this article, my reference points for a revue of globalization were the riots in Se- attle and the World Banks newest World Development Report on Pov- erty. Since then, the public has wit- nessed yet a nonher clash among the forces of dig out and those of capital.This article deals with the complete of s sportr labor, particularly the case of Pakistan, but within the framework of a new world order defined by the politics of the WTO(world trade organization).The sort in which the activists-gathered from across the world-were treated by the Czech Republic outdid even the manner in which the Seattle police crushed its local protests.However, ultimately, this article argues that demanding social rights-especially labor rights of any sort-in the current international governmental frugal scenario increas- ingly dominated and defined by the WTO and its constituency is a losing battle and that even if these rights were granted in some contain fa shion (for instance, by ensuring that chil- drens rights are implemented vis-a- vis labor, by making industries minor- free) it accomplishes no more than papering the cracks being pro- duced by a system premised on the conception and perpetuation of inequalities-an intensified and more and more global capitalism.The World Banks 1997 World Development Report sustains the myth of globalization as the new development strategy-the path to economical well-being. The most recent World Development Report, on the other hand, is forced to deal with the issue of increasing and intensifying poverty across the world. However, in their blank space wisdom, World Bank economists insist that the answer to this is more, not less, globalization or, at the very least, globalisation with a human face.Once upon a time when moore was a young man, the word interna- tionalism was a noble word .. . but flat the idea of internationalism has become something to be feared or at- tacked (WTO 1999). Well, Mr. Moore, we rear easily rationalize that in your youth, internationalism was a word that connoted the solidarity of work- ing people across the world, whereas what we are now faced with is the in- ternationalization of capital.The standoffs and organized boy- cotts and protests, whether in Prague or Seattle or in the family of strikes against liberalization and privatiza- tion across the world, and their later- math expose globalizations reality not as ultimately empowering-or at the least benign-but as a con- sciously institutionalized political protrusion backed by the military and police forces of the advanced indus- trialized North/West. As a political project, then, it can only be countered through political enfolding and di- rect political action and not, as has been proposed, through the addition of social clauses within the WTOs mandate itself. This is a contradic- tion in terms because of what the WTO is and the interests it is there to protect and promote.What has emerged systematically from such contemporary and previ- ous critiques of the mainstream development project represented by the World Bank, and the crisis in development inaugurated by the structural adjustment policies of the IMF and World Bank in the modern 1970s, is the stark reality that both absolute and relative poverty as well as inequality.Mike Moore of the WTO did his bit for damage control in the wind up of the Seattle protests by telling trade union workers that as far as he was concerned there simply was not any contradiction between trade and labor (WTO 1999). Open economies, imperfect as they are have delivered more jobs, opportunities and security to more people than alternatives. Here the veiled reference is intelligibly to the centrally planned economies because we are immediately informed that countries that have embraced openness and freedom have increased the real incomes of their workers, which in turn has raised poke standards and reduced poverty. Countrie s that remain closed, remain poorer, underdevel- oped, cut off from the world of rights and freedoms. This is, of course, patently false. The greatest tragedy of the 1990s has been the massive decline of welfare in the countries of east Europe and Central Asia, many of which have experienced increases in mortality, illiteracy, crime, malnutrition, and gender inequality (see, for example, Palast 2000).What has changed from those early days is that, as far as the capi- talists are concerned, the world is their oyster. Samir Amin (1997) has pointed out that one of the major ef- fects of the globalization of the world economy has been to extend the re- serve soldiers of unemployed persons across the world. And just as the re- serve army of the unemployed within a national economy gave the capital- ist the leverage he needed, vis-A-vis labor, to depress wages, so is the case today for multinational firms in an increasingly globalized world econ- omy. Chossudovsky (1997) -has called thi s the globalization of poverty.Hence the need for more and better marketing of the free-trade system highlighting its multiple benefits for society at large and for workers in particular. This is, after all, what is called a hard sell.The internationalism and solidar- ity that trade unionists have stood for is suddenly presented as having been in the service of nothing but universal freedom, an essentially lib- eral creed What Moore is doing, and not coincidentally, is nothing short of conflating internationalism with globalization. The sleight of hand is so seamless, it leaves one breathless.Next, consider the presentation of the trade policy for the year 2000 by the finance rector of Pakistan, in which he declaims, The minister declared that he was confident that the Pakistani nation could rise to the occasion, but note under what conditions he considers this possible We can do it if every Pakistani-the worker, the farmer, the producer, the exporter, the civil servant, the house wife-everyone- is committed to the cause of exports, but we can not hope to make a break through in exports unless we make our agriculture an industry more ef- ficient more competitive. A commit- ment to exports becomes the sine qua non of the national interest, and all class and gender distinctions are flattened in its face.It should be noted that this informalization of labor makes unionizing impossible under Paki- stans labor laws. The report also cites 4000 industrial mills as being sick, of which 152 were in the textile sector-one of Pakistans export- oriented sectors. reveal of a total of 442 spinning units with over 1 million spindles, 90 were shut down. And that all occurred in one year aloneThe issue of child labor and the efficacy of ILO conventions must be seen in this context. Recently, the ILO depicted its Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, Con- vention No. 182. Pakistan has yet to ratify it, although nongovernmental childrens rights organizations and move ments against bonded labor have been exerting stuff on the government for years. Pakistans minister for manpower (and, signifi- cantly, industries, among other port- folios), Umar Asgher Khan, disclosed early in the year that Pakistan was seriously considering its ratification.Yet Pakistans child labor force is estimated at around 30 mil- lion in the 5-18 age group or 20 mil- lion in the 5-15 age group (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan 1998, 226), most of it in the urban informal and agricultural sectors, However, even those forms of child labor that are covered by these constitutional provisions are not curbed, due to the need of political will on the part of state elitesNeoliberalism has exposed the seams within the historic compro- mise between capital and labor, and with it the ideological and political basis of the ILO. The contradictions inherent in trying to accommodate the needs and rights of workers and the poor in a socioeconomic system based on the accumulation and r eal- ization of profit and surplus value have now become painfully exposed.The civil-military bureaucracy and the landed elites have benefited under every regime in Pakistani history, with a few shifts in the proportion of power between them but no serious threat to their overall status. This has resulted, among other things, in the continuation and intensification of existing feudal structures there have neer been more than cosmetic land reforms under any regime, ensuring that the feudal power structure remains undisturbed. This has severe impli- cations for the incidence and forms of child labor and labor practices in gen- eral. Moreover, labor laws have been draconian, even under the populist socialist government ofZulfiqar Ali Bhutto. It is only recently that NGOs and movements such as the BLLF and the Bhatta Mazdoor Mahaz have been able to pressure the govern- ment to pass a law such as the Bonded Labor (Abolition) Act. Although we cannot look upon this as an absolute victory -laws are, after all, only as good as their implement- ers, and the implementers are appease feudal/tribal elites-this act has enabled thousands of bonded labor- ers to be freed by lawyers working with the BLLF.All these explanations for the exis- tence of child labor have important implications because they form the basis of particular policies knowing to address this issue. Thus if child labor is caused by poverty, then we must have poverty alleviation pro- grams and development (once again understood as economic growth). If child labor is part of a vicious cycle that is caused by lack of education or primary schooling, then we must ensure that children go to school. And there are several initiatives, both local/domestic and interna- tional (and usually a combination of the two), specifically geared to address this lack.The real issue is, of course, that child labor is a function of poverty but that poverty is not just an unfortunate feature of life in Pakistan. Poverty is struc turally created, maintained, and now under the pro- cess of intensifying. The structural reasons are both domestic and inter- national and, under the current international political regime, are unlikely to be reversed without political intervention.The ILO is an existing institution with a history of work on behalf of labor, but activists, intellec- tuals, and critical development experts need to think seriously about either bit it into a more powerful organization or designing and estab- lishing a new institution that can work as a watchdog on behalf the worlds exploited workers.

The 5th Amendment Essay -- essays research papers

          The 5th Amendment     Basically, the 5th Amendment states that no one shall becharged with capital crimes without a Grand Jurys permission, except in cases regarding the military while under service in wartime or public danger. No one can be shake off on trial over again for the same crime. You cant be forced to read yourself. That no one should be kill, jailed, or have property seized without a legal precedent. Also you cant be put through cruel or unusually punishment. If private property is seized for public use, that the owner must be compensated for their losses fairly. It also forbids deprivation of life, liberty, or property without Due Process of the law.      The 5th Amendment is also often cited as the Double Jeopardy Amendment. The Constitution does not say that individuals cant be put on trail again for the same offense. The Constitution says that should he defendant be tried ag ain on the same charge or charges, that they cant be executed or imprisoned for life without the possibility of parole.     The 5th Amendment is also sometimes called the "Take the Fifth" Amendment. It states that no defendant can be forced to testify against themselves in a criminal case. When under oath, you are expected to tell the truth, even if that truth was to put you in trouble. Taking the fifth a...

Gender Roles in Medea by Euripides Essay -- Gender Roles in Greek Soci

Centuries of traditions has enabled men and women to define gender social occasions in society. Although some critics declare gender roles do not exist today, others believe they do. In society, men and women are defined by gender roles throughout their activities and emotions. A doctor is typically portrayed by a male while women spinal column the children and cook for the men. However, although still in existence, today these roles are less obvious but tend to have similar meaning when compared to the past. In ancient Greece, women suffered smashing hardships. Currently, females work, vote, and run for office. In comparison to ancient Greece, these activities are a phenomenal leap from being under the direct supervision of a male husband. In Greek society, the role of women was considered to be insignificant compared to the Greek men. The women had very few rights, no room to voice personal opinions, and a very bleak prox with few options for a better life. According t o Moses Hades, professor of Greek studies, women in ancient Greek plays are known to be the main characters and take the role of the villain, victim, or the heroine. In Euripides play Medea, Medea, the main character, plays all these roles. She represents the heroine by helping her husband secure the Golden Fleece prior to their marriage, and then portrays the victim by being betrayed by her husband, and finally the villain by murdering her loved ones. Therefore, Euripides follows the standard format for a Greek tragedy.Ironically, Medeas actions are similar to a manhood when she takes charge of her marriage, living situation, and family life when she devices a plan to engulf her husband with grief. With this in mind, Medea had accepts her place in a mans world unti... ...leaving moves Medea into a beggar status. She understands that she does not have authority, money, or power over anyone in the land. This leaves her powerless and desperate. Thereofore, she forms a crafty plan that revolves around herself and reestablishes power and authority. Even in todays society, gender roles play a part in how people view the world. Although more important than the gender roles are the emotions that antagonize the read/write head of the human. Medea shows how jealousy can lead to revenge and influence bad decisions and ruin or even end lives. Ironically, the decisions she makes to kill her children, leaves Jason helpless much like a Greek wife during this time. She removes the opportunity for him to voice his opinions, needs, and desires. This flip of traditional gender roles shows how gender roles are not a reliable way to view a society.